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The article reviews and extends interspecific correlations between the main components of milk of different mammalian species and certain aspects of their biology. Proteins are correlated with postnatal growth, but not all proteins are really nutritive. Lipids are correlated... Read More

«An und in dem Boden findet man für die höchsten irdischen Bedürfnisse das Material, eine Welt des Stoffes, den höchsten Fähigkeiten des Menschen zur Bearbeitung übergeben ...», so beschreibt noch Goethe in «Wilhelm Meister» das Handwerk der Chemiker.1 Nach ihm setzt eine... Read More

Towards the end of his life Goethe expressed the hope that one day it would be possible to understand the chemical processes of a plant in a way just as satisfying as the one he had achieved at the morphological level (Kuhn 1988). In retrospect, one can get the impression... Read More

In the polarity of action and perception in chemistry the emphasis seems to be on action. Several stages in the development of the concepts of ‘Optical Activity’ and ‘Chirality’ since the 17th century show that physical experiments (actions) lead to several mathematical... Read More

Despite the very important role of chemistry in technology, civilisation and shaping our view of the world it has been neglected by philosophy and the humanities. For several reasons, it cannot be regarded as an appendix to physics and treated as such in the theory of science... Read More

In Veröffentlichungen in den Elementen der Naturwissenschaft der letzten 30 Jahre spielt der Begriff der Gegenläufigkeit eine wesentliche Rolle. Jochen Bockemühl (1966, 1967) stellte beim Vergleich von Blattmetamorphosereihen mit der Ontogenese individueller Blätter eine... Read More

Through investigating the relation between light and colour, Goethe’s method of natural science is applied to the ”gestures of ideas” of modern research in physics.

In section 1 of this paper an explanation is given in some detail of how the processes of generating... Read More

The simplest arrangements of edges that give rise to the phenomenon of light diffraction are presented. Especially two of them are of particular importance. They imply two different types of optical imaging and generate diffraction patterns of opposite character. One involves... Read More

Starting from Steiner’s ideas about the elements as developed in his Heat Course, we examine free fall as well as the relation between dynamics and kinematics. With free fall we are involved with the formation of the earth which happens as a process of motion. Of course, free... Read More

When Immanuel Kant was awakened from what he termed his «dogmatic slumbers» by reading David Hume, he decided that there could be no justification for the metaphysical speculations of his day, and set out to discredit them. History has judged him correct - i.e., on the... Read More

The concept of counter space or negative space is developed from Goethe’s concept of space as described by the young Rudolf Steiner. Whilst the three dimensions of space are based on the relation between two separated objects, the three dimensions of counter space are based... Read More

When teaching second year undergraduates about biochemistry, I am bound to use the language and metaphors of modern science. Nevertheless, I try not to be limited by their rigidity and endeavour to introduce concepts that are more fluid and therefore more akin to living... Read More