Exploratives Experimentieren schafft vielfältige Bedingungen und beobachtet deren Folgen zur systemati schen Untersuchung von Ereignismengen hinsichtlich Bedingung-Folge-Verhältnissen. Dabei müssen be stimmende notwendige Bedingungen von begleitenden notwendigen Bedingungen sowie von begleitenden zufälligen Umständen unterschieden werden. Diese werden in konkreten Experimenten vermöge Variation und Kontrolle (Konstanthaltung, Minimierung) von Bedingungen/Umständen empirisch untersucht. Dafür stehen die von J. S. Mill entwickelten Methoden zur Verfügung: Übereinstimmungsmethode, Differenzen methode, indirekte Differenzenmethode, Residuenmethode, Variationsmethode. Sie führen zwar nicht zu endgültiger Sicherheit bezüglich eindeutiger Bestimmtheit der Komponenten von Bedingung-Folge-Ver hältnissen, geben aber eine solide Grundlage ab für sachgemäße Ideenbildungen im Hinblick auf die Entde ckung von Gesetzen der anorganischen Natur.
Das einzelne ideale naturwissenschaftliche Experiment beruht unter anderem auf ideellen Konzeptionen sowie Prinzipien zur Präparierung der bestimmenden notwendigen und hinreichenden Bedingungen. Der expliziten Herstellung dieser Bedingungen liegen Ursache-Wirkung-Beziehungen zugrunde, die damit der Annahme einer universellen Gültigkeit des konditionalen Determinismus widersprechen; jedes Experiment ist deshalb zugleich ein Beweis der individuellen Autonomie des handelnden Menschen. Die hier aufgewie senen sieben Phasen eines idealen Experimentes umfassen das differenzierte Ineinanderspiel verschiedener Ursache-Wirkung-Beziehungen mit Bedingung-Folge-Verhältnissen. Die Forderung der Wiederholbarkeit naturwissenschaftlicher Experimente erweist sich im Kern als Forderung nach individuellem und aktuellem Erkenntnisvollzug und nicht als unabdingbares Wesensmerkmal eines Experimentes.
N1 -Explorative experimentation brings about manifold conditions and looks for the respective sequels in order to analyse systematically sets of events with respect to condition-sequel relationships. In this setting one has to differentiate between necessary determinant and necessary concomitant conditions as well as accidental concomitant circumstances. The latter are analysed empirically through variations and control (fixing and minimizing) of conditions/circumstances. For this purpose the following methods, proposed by J. S. Mill, can be applied: the methods of agreement and difference, the indirect method of difference, the methods of residues and concomitant variation. They provide a solid background for the development of object-ori ented conceptions leading to the discovery of the laws of inorganic nature. However, they do not lead to the unconstrained determination of the components of condition-sequel relationships.
Among other components, a single ideal experiment within the physical sciences is based on conceptions for experimental settings and preparations of the necessary and sufficient conditions. The explicit prepara tion of such experiments is based on cause-effect relationships and therefore at odds with the assumption of the universal validity of conditional determinism; thus, each true experiment is a proof of the individual au tonomy of the will-power of the human being as experimenter. The seven phases of an individual ideal ex perimental process presented in this paper encompass a subtle interplay of diverse cause-effect and condi tion-sequel relationships. It can be shown that the demand for the reproducible character of an experiment is equivalent to the demand for an individual knowledge process and is not an intrinsic property of the ex periment itself.
Explorative experimentation brings about manifold conditions and looks for the respective sequels in order to analyse systematically sets of events with respect to condition-sequel relationships. In this setting one has to differentiate between necessary determinant and necessary concomitant conditions as well as accidental concomitant circumstances. The latter are analysed empirically through variations and control (fixing and minimizing) of conditions/circumstances. For this purpose the following methods, proposed by J. S. Mill, can be applied: the methods of agreement and difference, the indirect method of difference, the methods of residues and concomitant variation. They provide a solid background for the development of object-ori ented conceptions leading to the discovery of the laws of inorganic nature. However, they do not lead to the unconstrained determination of the components of condition-sequel relationships.
Among other components, a single ideal experiment within the physical sciences is based on conceptions for experimental settings and preparations of the necessary and sufficient conditions. The explicit prepara tion of such experiments is based on cause-effect relationships and therefore at odds with the assumption of the universal validity of conditional determinism; thus, each true experiment is a proof of the individual au tonomy of the will-power of the human being as experimenter. The seven phases of an individual ideal ex perimental process presented in this paper encompass a subtle interplay of diverse cause-effect and condi tion-sequel relationships. It can be shown that the demand for the reproducible character of an experiment is equivalent to the demand for an individual knowledge process and is not an intrinsic property of the ex periment itself.