Goethe's Spirit Haunts a New Dynamic Biology

Elemente der Naturwissenschaft 113, 2020, S. 5-18 | DOI: 10.18756/edn.113.5

Zusammenfassung:

In seinen wissenschaftlichen Studien beschrieb Goethe Lebewesen als aktiv gestaltende Entitäten, die sich in Bezug aufeinander und auf ihre Umgebung ständig verändern und neu definieren. Hier diskutiere ich die jüngsten Entwicklungen in der Evolutionsbiologie, die für goetheanistische ForscherInnen von Bedeutung sein dürften. In den letzten Jahren haben einige etablierte BiologInnen die Auffassung vertreten, dass das Standardmodell der «modernen Synthese» einer Aktualisierung bedarf, um Studien, deren Bedeutung für die Evolution dort nicht ausreichend erfasst wird, adäquat einzubeziehen. Die vorgeschlagene «erweiterte Synthese» enthält mehrere Ideen aus der evolutionären Entwicklungsbiologie, wie z.B. die phänotypische Plastizität, die ein dynamischeres und reaktionsfähigeres Organismusmodell entwerfen als bisher. Diese Verschiebung im Konzept des Organismus scheint sich Goethes Perspektive anzunähern und könnte die Grundlage für einen fruchtbaren Austausch zwischen modernen Biologen und goetheanistischen Wissenschaftlern bieten.

Referenzen
  • Bateson, W., Mendel, G. (1913): Mendel’s Principles of Heredity – A Defence, with a Translation of Mendel’s Original Papers on Hybridisation Republished. CUP, 2009, ISBN978-1-108-00613-2
  • Beckerman, A.P., Childs, D.Z., Bergland, A.O. (2016): Eco-evolutionary Biology: Feeding and Feedback Loops Current Biology 26: R161-R164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.013
  • Bouton, N., Witte, F., Van Alphen, J.J.M. (2002): Experimental evidence for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in a rock-dwelling cichlid fish from Lake Victoria, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77, pp. 185– 192, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00093.x
  • Buskell, A. (2019): Reciprocal Causation and the Extended Evolutionary Syn- thesis. Biological Theory 14, p. 267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752- 019-00325-7
  • Code, J.M. (2019): Ecoliteracy and the trouble with reading: ecoliteracy considered in terms of Goethe’s ‘delicate empiricism’ and the potential for reading in the book of nature. Environmental Education Research 25/8, pp. 1267–1280, DOI:10.1080/13504622.2018.1558438
  • Cullen, B.S. (2000): Contagious Ideas: On Evolution, Culture, Archaeology, and Cultural Virus Theory. In (eds): Steele, J., Cullen, R., Chippindale, C. ISBN 978-1-84217-014-4. OCLC 47122736
  • Danchin, É., Pocheville, A., Huneman, P. (2019): Early in life effects and heredity: reconciling neo-Darwinism with neo-Lamarckism under the banner of the inclusive evolutionary synthesis. Philosophical. Transactions of the Royal Society. B 374: 20180113. http://dx.doi. org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0113
  • Darwin, C. (1859): On the Origin of Species. Publ. J. Murray, Albemarle Street, London.
  • Dennett, D. (2003): The Baldwin Effect, a Crane, not a Skyhook, In (ed): Weber, B.H., Depew, D.J.: Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered. MIT Press, pp. 69–106. ISBN 978-0-262-23229-6.
  • Eldredge, N., Gould, S.J. (1972): Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In (ed.): Schopf, T.J.M.: Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco, pp. 82–115. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/ classictexts/eldredge.asp
  • Frances, P., Wride, M. (2015): Goethean pedagogy: A case in innovative science education and implications for work based learning. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 5, pp. 339–351. DOI:10.1108/ HESWBL-06-2015-0037
  • Fusco, G., Minelli, A. (2010): Phenotypic plasticity in development and evolution: facts and concepts. Philosophical. Transactions of the Royal Society. B 365, pp. 547–556. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2009.0267
  • Gilbert, S.F. (2003): The morphogenesis of evolutionary developmental biology. International Journal of Developmental Biology 47, pp. 467–477.
  • Goethe, J.W. (1789): Versuch die Metamorphose der Planzen zu erklären. In (ed.): Birus, H. et al.: Sämtliche Werke. 40 vols. Frankfurt, 1985.
  • Goethe, J.W. (1817): Zur Morphologie. In (ed.): Birus, H. et al.: Sämtliche Werke. 40 vols. Frankfurt, 1985.
  • Goethe, J.W. (1987): Schriften zur Morphologie. In (ed.): Kuhn, D.: Sämtliche Werke, Vol. 24, 40 vols. Frankfurt, 1987 reprint.
  • Goodwin, B. (1997): How the Leopard Changed its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity. Oxford.
  • Gordon, A. (2015): Developing a Morphological Curriculum. In: ISIS-The Field Centre Research Journal 2, pp. 14–21.
  • Hollander, J., Snell-Rood, E., Foster, S. (2015): New frontiers in phenotypic plasticity and evolution. Heredity 115, pp. 273–275. DOI:10.1038/ hdy.2015.64
  • Huxley, J. (1942): Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. London.
  • Laland, K.N., Uller, T., Feldman, M.W., Sterelny, K., Müller, G.B., Moczek, A., Jablonka, E., Odling-Smee, J. (2015): The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282: 20151019.
  • Liu, Y.-S. (2011): Inheritance of acquired characters in animals: A historical overview, further evidence and mechanistic explanations. Italian Journal of Zoology 78, pp. 410–417, DOI:10.1080/11250003.2011.562554
  • Moreno, M., Mossio, M. (2015): Organisms and levels of autonomy. In: Biological Autonomy: A philosophical and theoretical enquiry. Pp. 141–164. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-9837-2
  • Mueller, N.T., Bakacs, E., Combellick, J., Grigoryan, Z., Dominguez-Bello, M.G. (2015): The infant microbiome development: mom matters. Trends in Molecular Medicine 21, pp. 109–117. DOI:10.1016/j. molmed.2014.12.002
  • Müller, G.B. (2017): Why an extended evolutionary synthesis is necessary. Interface Focus 7: 20170015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0015
  • Newman, S.A., Müller, G.B. (2005): Origination and innovation in the vertebrate limb skeleton: an epigenetic perspective. Journal of Experi- mental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 304B, pp. 6593–6609.
  • Pigliucci, M. (2007): Do we need an extended evolutionary synthesis? Evolution 61, pp. 2743–2749.
  • Pigliucci, M., Muller, G., Beatty, J., Gavrilets, S., Wilson, D.S. (2010): Evolution, the Extended Synthesis. MIT.
  • Richards, R.J. (2004): The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philo- sophy in the Age of Goethe. Pp. 588. University of Chicago Press (New edition, Sep. 2004).
  • Riegner, M. (2013): Ancestor of the new archetypal biology: Goethe’s dynamic typology as a model for contemporary evolutionary developmental biology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 44, pp. 735–744.
  • Sassoon, J. (2018): Goethe’s Scientific Method: Its relevance in a post- mechanistic future. The Field Centre Research Journal 1, pp. 24–34.
  • Standen, E.M., Du, T.Y., Larsson, H.C. (2014): Developmental plasticity and the origin of tetrapods. Nature 513(7516), pp. 54–58. DOI:10.1038/ nature13708
  • Waddington, C.H. (1942a): The epigenotype. Endeavour 1, pp. 18–20.
  • Waddington, C.H. (1942b): Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature 150, pp. 563–565.
  • West-Eberhard, M.J. (2003): Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press. New York.
  • West-Eberhard, M.J. (2005a): Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences. PNAS 102 (suppl 1), pp. 6543–6549. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.0501844102
  • West-Eberhard, M.J. (2005b): Phenotypic accommodation: adaptive innovation due to developmental plasticity. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 304B: 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21071. pp. 610–618.
  • Wong, B.B.M., Candolin, U. (2015): Behavioral responses to changing environments. Behavioral Ecology 26, pp. 665–673. DOI:10.1093/ beheco/aru183
  • Wright, P.A., Turko, A.J. (2016): Amphibious fishes: evolution and phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Experimental Biology 219, pp. 2245–2259. DOI:10.1242/jeb.126649
  • Wund, M.A. (2012): Assessing the Impacts of Phenotypic Plasticity on Evolution. Integrative and Comparative Biology 52, pp. 5–15. DOI:10.1093/icb/ics050